Though the term illuminati has been most closely associated with the 18th-century movement of republican free thought in Bavaria, the word has in fact been in use since the late 15th century to refer to various groups.
Many members of the Alumbrado movement in the early 16th century fell victim to the Inquisition, and the Bavarian group was eventually shut down by the government. They were generally met by censorship and resistance from the state. The doctrines of these groups had a number of different ideological influences, including Christian gnosticism and Egyptian Hermeticism the Bavarian group wanted to create a religion of reason. The doctrines, practices, and rituals of illuminati groups are generally shrouded in secrecy: the Bavarian illuminati adopted a cipher for communicating with each other, while the Rosicrucian order claimed to be bound to secrecy for 100 years from their foundation. Members of these groups claim to be unusually enlightened, with the “light” attributed to a higher source or to an exalted condition of the human intelligence. Illuminati-the plural of the Latin word illuminatus, meaning “enlightened”-is a name that has been in use since the late 15th century and has been applied to various groups since then.
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